An injury during a taxi or private-hire journey needs two connected investigations: what caused the injury, and which people or organisations were involved in providing the journey. The driver, vehicle owner, booking operator and app brand may not be the same legal entity. A booking receipt is an important starting point, but it does not by itself establish who is liable.
Preserve the journey information promptly. App screens, driver details, trip identifiers, payment records and messages may be easier to retrieve soon after the event than months later. Keep your own passenger account separate from the driver's explanation, and seek appropriate medical care without waiting for the operator's complaints team to respond.
This guide concerns injury claims arising in England and Wales. It addresses collisions and other journey-related incidents, booking records, insurance and passenger losses. It includes a taxi journey evidence checklist and explains why a licensing complaint, fare refund and personal injury claim are different processes.
Driver and operator details: identify the actual journey provider
Taxi and private hire are not interchangeable labels
GOV.UK's licensing guidance distinguishes taxis, which may be hired at a rank or hailed, from private-hire vehicles, which must be pre-booked. The distinction can affect the records available and the organisations involved. Describe how you obtained the vehicle rather than relying only on the word “taxi”.
State whether you booked through an app, telephoned an operator, used a hotel or employer booking, joined a rank or hailed a vehicle. Keep the confirmation and any information about the organisation accepting the booking. A platform's public brand may differ from the legal name in the terms or receipt.
Do not assume a licensing irregularity automatically proves the injury claim or makes the booking company responsible for every act. It may be relevant and should be investigated, but civil liability needs its own legal and factual basis. Equally, a valid licence does not guarantee that reasonable care was taken on the particular journey.
Record driver, vehicle and licence identifiers separately
Useful details include the driver's displayed name, badge or licence number, vehicle registration, make and model, vehicle licence plate and operator name. Photograph relevant identifiers only where safe and lawful. If you could not collect them because you were injured or the vehicle left, explain that and preserve alternative leads.
A driver shown in the booking confirmation may not be the person who arrived. If that occurred, record the discrepancy without assuming its explanation. Keep screenshots, messages and any change notification. The booking or dispatch history may help establish who actually performed the journey.
Similarly, a replacement vehicle may have been sent after a cancellation or breakdown. Record each stage and which vehicle was involved in the injury. A single receipt may refer to the original booking while the incident occurred during a substituted journey. That distinction can matter to identifying records and insurance.
Map the relevant organisations
Create separate entries for the operator accepting the booking, any platform, the vehicle owner if known, the driver and any business arranging the trip. Include their contact details and the source. Do not assume that an employer paying the fare is the transport operator or that a hotel receptionist's recommendation establishes a contractual relationship with the driver.
The legal relationships may require assessment. A solicitor can consider the terms, control, contractual arrangements and alleged wrongdoing. Your first task is to preserve the documents that explain the chain rather than decide liability from the most recognisable logo.
If several businesses respond to a complaint, record who says they hold which records. One may hold payment data while another holds dispatch information or driver details. An evidence request is more effective when directed to the actual custodian rather than repeatedly sent to a brand's general customer-service address.
Booking records: preserve the trip as it appeared at the time
Save the trip identifier and complete receipt
Keep the journey reference, booking date, pickup and destination, pickup time, route shown, fare and payment method. Download the receipt where the service permits, and retain the original email or app record. A screenshot is useful, but a complete receipt or account export may provide additional context.
If someone else booked, ask them to preserve the relevant confirmation and messages. Record their relationship to you and whether the booking was personal, work-related or arranged by another service. You do not need to own the account to have been the injured passenger, but the account holder may control important evidence.
Avoid changing the destination or editing a trip note after the event without retaining the original information. If the app allows a correction, document what was changed and why. A clean current screen may not show the historical booking accurately once amendments have been made.
Preserve messages and calls with context
Messages about pickup location, delays, route changes, assistance needs or the incident may be relevant. Keep the full exchange, dates and participants. A single screenshot can omit an earlier instruction or later correction. Export the conversation where practical and lawful, while preserving the original account data.
For telephone bookings, record the number called, approximate time and any reference or name provided. Call logs may establish contact but not the content of the conversation. If you remember an instruction, record it as your recollection rather than presenting the call log as proof of the words used.
If the operator records calls, ask about preservation through the appropriate process. Do not assume recordings exist or will be retained indefinitely. A targeted request identifying the call and issue is more useful than a broad demand for every record associated with the business.
Treat route data as evidence with limits
An app map may show a planned or recorded route, but it may not establish the vehicle's precise position at every second. GPS can be imperfect, and a route display may simplify movement. Preserve it without claiming that it proves a lane, speed or exact impact point beyond its accuracy.
Compare the route record with photographs, road names, emergency-call information and your recollection. If they differ, flag the discrepancy for investigation. Do not silently move the incident location to match an app pin when you believe the actual event occurred elsewhere.
Where the journey ended early or was completed in another vehicle, record that sequence. A final destination receipt may otherwise create the misleading impression that the injured passenger travelled normally to the planned endpoint. Explain who completed the trip and how any replacement arrangement arose.
What happened: distinguish collision, manoeuvre and access incidents
A collision with another vehicle
Record your seat, restraint use, view, direction of travel and the impacts you experienced. Identify other vehicles and witnesses where possible. The taxi driver's account may be useful, but it should not become your own account of events you did not see. Your perspective can differ from both drivers'.
If you were looking away before impact, say so. You may still provide evidence about braking, sounds, movement and immediate symptoms. Preserve any interior or exterior camera leads and ask the operator to retain relevant material. Do not assume every licensed vehicle has a camera or that the operator controls the recording.
The road collision recording guide provides a scene checklist. For a paid passenger journey, add the booking and operator records so the collision can be linked to the correct driver and vehicle without relying solely on memory.
Sudden braking or vehicle movement without contact
An injury may be alleged after braking, acceleration or a turn even where no collision occurred. The assessment needs the circumstances: why the manoeuvre happened, how the passenger was positioned and what injury followed. A sudden movement is not automatically negligent; it may have been a reasonable response to another hazard.
Record what you observed before the movement and what the driver said afterwards. Identify whether another road user, obstacle or signal was involved. Footage may help explain the need for braking, while medical evidence addresses the injury. Do not invent a vehicle impact because you assume one is necessary for a claim.
Preserve the seat, restraint and interior details relevant to the mechanism. If an item moved or a fitting failed, photograph it where safe and identify witnesses. Avoid technical conclusions about a defect without appropriate evidence, but make the potential issue visible early.
Getting in, getting out or using assistance equipment
Injuries during boarding or alighting may raise different questions from a road collision. Record where the vehicle stopped, the ground surface, door movement, any step or ramp and what assistance was requested or provided. Identify whether the vehicle moved and whether another person or object contributed.
If mobility equipment was involved, preserve the booking request, equipment description and actual arrangement. A general note that “assistance was needed” may not explain the specific task or instruction. Record what happened without assuming every provider has the same equipment or responsibilities.
Do not force an access incident into a road-traffic portal simply because it occurred near a taxi. The applicable duty, defendant and procedure need assessment. A solicitor should understand the actual mechanism before deciding the legal route.
Insurance: check cover and responsibility separately
The driver's assurance is a lead, not the whole answer
Obtain insurance details where available and preserve any document or message supplied. The relevant cover concerns the driver, vehicle, use and accident date. A policy for ordinary private use does not necessarily answer a paid-journey question, and a displayed licence is not an insurance certificate.
Your adviser or the appropriate claims handler can undertake enquiries. Keep written responses, including any reason for a coverage dispute. Do not summarise a technical letter as simply “uninsured” if it identifies an insurer's legal position or another organisation to contact. The complete wording may affect the route.
If another driver caused the collision, their insurance may also be relevant. The fact that you paid the taxi operator does not mean the operator must be the sole defendant. Liability should follow the actual conduct and legal relationships, supported by the evidence.
A booking complaint is not an insurance claim acknowledgement
An operator may acknowledge a safety report, investigate service quality or offer a fare refund. None necessarily means an insurer has accepted liability for injury. Keep each communication and identify its purpose. Ask whether the incident has been passed to the relevant insurer and obtain a reference where appropriate.
A customer-service response can be useful evidence of what was reported and when. It should not be treated as independent medical or legal advice. If a message contains settlement wording, obtain advice before accepting, especially where it purports to resolve all claims rather than only refund the fare.
Do not assume an unresolved complaint pauses a legal deadline. Record the incident date and seek advice in time. The timetable for an operator's internal investigation may be different from the period available for court or scheme action.
Uninsured or unidentified cases require route-specific advice
If the driver or relevant insurer cannot be identified, MIB may be relevant subject to the applicable agreement and facts. The MIB eligibility guidance is an official starting point. Preserve the booking chain and identification history rather than assuming an app account guarantees a traceable driver.
A driver using false details, a substituted vehicle or a foreign registration can complicate the position. Tell the adviser early. The correct route cannot be selected only from the fact that the journey was paid or that the vehicle looked like a licensed taxi.
If insurance information changes during the claim, coordinate the update with the existing handler. Avoid duplicate applications with inconsistent accounts. Keep a record of the reason for any route change and confirm who is responsible for outstanding deadlines and evidence requests.
Passenger losses: establish the injury-related difference
Medical evidence and treatment
Seek appropriate healthcare and describe the incident and symptoms accurately. Record immediate symptoms, later developments, consultations and treatment recommendations. If you initially felt well, preserve that fact and explain any later change. A booking or payment record confirms a journey, not the medical consequences of it.
Provide relevant earlier conditions and subsequent events to the medical assessor. A taxi incident may aggravate an existing problem, cause a new injury or be unrelated to some later symptom. Those possibilities need evidence, not assumptions based on temporal sequence alone.
Keep treatment and travel records, but do not buy unnecessary services to strengthen a claim. Reasonable treatment decisions should follow clinical advice. If a provider or claims company arranges treatment, understand any payment terms and tell your adviser about the arrangement.
Earnings and work disruption
Preserve payslips, absence records, shift cancellations, sick pay information and employer correspondence. A trip to work ending in an accident does not mean every later employment difficulty is recoverable. The schedule should explain which loss was caused by the injury and how it is calculated.
If you attended a meeting late or missed a flight but suffered no associated recoverable injury loss, contractual or travel issues may need separate advice. Do not mix all inconvenience into an injury schedule without explanation. Different losses can involve different legal principles and evidence.
The guide to proving lost earnings after an injury explains employed and self-employed records. For taxi passengers, keep the journey purpose and the actual work consequence distinct: a business trip can establish context, but financial loss still needs proof.
Care, transport and damaged belongings
Record help actually received because of injury, including tasks, person and approximate time. If you needed different transport for appointments or work, preserve the reason and cost. Do not assume every later taxi fare is recoverable merely because the original incident occurred in a taxi.
For damaged property, keep photographs, ownership evidence and repair or replacement information. Distinguish a broken phone from the cost of upgrading it. If an insurer or operator reimburses an item, record the payment so it is not claimed again as unpaid.
A fare refund should have its own entry. It may be a service remedy rather than injury compensation, depending on the terms. Provide the complete message to your adviser if there is any wording suggesting final settlement or waiver of further claims.
Taxi journey evidence checklist
Use this checklist to connect the booking, vehicle, incident and consequences. Unknown information should remain marked unknown, with an enquiry assigned where appropriate. Do not fill gaps by assuming that the operator, driver and insurer are one organisation.
| Evidence area | What to preserve | Question addressed |
|---|---|---|
| Booking | App or telephone reference, confirmation, account holder | Who accepted and arranged the journey? |
| Driver | Name, badge, messages, substitution notices | Who actually drove? |
| Vehicle | Registration, licence plate, model, photographs | Which vehicle was involved? |
| Operator | Legal name, contact, terms, dispatch information | Which entity holds relevant duties and records? |
| Journey | Pickup, destination, route, time, payment | What trip was being performed? |
| Incident | Seat, restraint, manoeuvre, impacts, access details | How did the injury allegedly occur? |
| Independent sources | Witnesses, cameras, police reference | What can corroborate or challenge accounts? |
| Injury | Treatment, symptom chronology, earlier history | What harm is connected to the event? |
| Loss | Earnings, care, travel, property, payments | What loss remains to be assessed? |
| Process | Complaint, insurer, adviser, deadlines | Who is handling each issue? |
Write a booking-chain summary
A concise example is: “Employer booked through Operator A; confirmation named Driver B and registration C; a replacement vehicle D arrived after a message; injury occurred during that replacement journey.” This identifies the factual chain without deciding who is liable. Attach the messages and receipts that support each step.
If there was no pre-booking because you used a rank, record the rank location, time, vehicle identifiers and any receipt. The absence of an app reference does not make the journey impossible to investigate. Payment records, witnesses, licensing information and nearby cameras may provide other leads.
Keep a record of evidence requests
Ask relevant custodians to preserve booking, dispatch, communication and camera records where appropriate. Identify the trip and time window accurately. Record the recipient, date, response and known retention risk. A general complaint may not communicate that a particular recording needs urgent preservation.
Do not claim an unrestricted right to every business record. Access and disclosure may require a particular legal route and consideration of other people's information. Give the adviser the evidence map so requests can be targeted and proportionate. Preserve your own records while those enquiries continue.
Restraints, children and accessibility issues
Record actual restraint use without assumptions
State where you sat and whether a belt or other restraint was used. If it did not work, describe what happened and any report to the driver. Do not assume a taxi journey means passengers are exempt from ordinary restraint obligations. Equally, the civil significance of an allegation needs assessment of the relevant rules and causal effect.
If a driver made a statement about belt use, preserve it as their statement rather than treating it as authoritative legal advice. A professional driver's assurance does not automatically resolve the passenger's obligations. Your adviser should know the actual facts, including any genuine exemption or equipment issue.
Photographs or inspection records may be relevant where equipment failure is alleged. Preserve the vehicle identity promptly so the issue can be investigated. Do not attempt to recreate the failure by using a damaged restraint or altering it yourself.
Children's taxi rules need careful distinction
The government's child-seat guidance describes specific taxi and private-hire exceptions where the correct child seat is not provided, including rear-seat and age conditions. Those rules should not be reduced to a statement that children never need restraints in taxis. Check the actual circumstances and current requirements.
If a child is injured, tell the adviser their age, seat position and restraint arrangement. The claim also involves procedural protections that differ from an ordinary adult settlement. Do not assume a parent can conclusively settle the injury through a customer-service refund or an informal agreement with the driver.
Record what was requested when booking, what equipment was supplied and any change on arrival. A request for a child seat may be in an app message or telephone record. Preserve that evidence without assuming the request alone determines every liability question.
Assistance needs should be documented specifically
For a wheelchair user or passenger needing help boarding, identify the assistance requested, the equipment used and the sequence of events. Record who handled a ramp, restraint or door and whether instructions were given. The evidence should describe the task, not simply label the journey inaccessible or unsafe.
Keep relevant booking communications and photographs where safe. A later general description of the vehicle may not show the configuration used on the day. If equipment or training issues may matter, tell the adviser so appropriate records can be considered rather than attempting a technical diagnosis yourself.
Accessibility complaints and injury claims may overlap in facts but differ in legal purpose and remedies. Clarify which issues you want advice on. A firm accepting one type of work should not be assumed to have accepted every related complaint unless the scope is agreed.
Complaints, licensing reports and injury claims
Use the right channel for each purpose
An operator complaint can address the service and preserve an early account. A licensing report may concern driver or vehicle standards. An injury claim seeks compensation on a legal basis. Police involvement may address an offence. Keep references separate and do not assume one organisation is managing all four processes.
A regulatory finding may be relevant evidence but does not automatically establish the value of an injury claim. Conversely, the absence of licensing action does not necessarily resolve civil responsibility. Preserve outcomes and reasons, then ask your adviser how they affect the claim rather than drawing an automatic conclusion.
Read refund and settlement wording carefully
A refund of the fare may be offered as goodwill, a service remedy or as part of broader terms. The wording matters. Do not click acceptance of a release you have not understood, especially while symptoms or losses remain uncertain. Save the offer before responding so the original terms remain available.
If you already accepted something, give the full exchange to your adviser. Do not assume it definitely ended the injury claim or definitely had no effect. The factual and contractual position needs assessment. A screenshot of the payment alone may omit the terms that accompanied it.
Confirm the scope of legal representation
When seeking advice, explain whether you need a road injury assessment, help identifying the provider, a coverage issue or advice on an existing settlement. Ask what work the firm can undertake and the private fee terms. A general enquiry should not be mistaken for accepted responsibility for every complaint and deadline.
Alexander James Solicitors' stated policy is no legal aid and private-fee work. This guide does not promise free representation, a conditional-fee arrangement or a particular result. Clear terms should identify the client, adviser, tasks and urgent next steps before you rely on the firm to conduct the matter.
Three hypothetical taxi injury files
An app booking with a substituted vehicle
A passenger receives an app confirmation naming one driver, but a message directs them to another vehicle. A collision occurs during the substitute journey. The passenger preserves both confirmations, the registration and payment record. The adviser can investigate who performed the trip and which entity accepted responsibility for the booking.
The passenger does not assume the app brand is automatically liable or that the mismatch makes the claim impossible. The booking chain and actual driving evidence are assessed together. Preserving the original screens prevents a later account update from obscuring the substitution.
A rank-hired taxi with no digital receipt
Another passenger hails a licensed taxi and pays cash. They are injured in a collision but remember only the rank, approximate time and part of the vehicle plate. A companion has a photograph showing the taxi in the background. The passenger records those leads and reports the incident appropriately.
The lack of an app reference changes the investigation but does not justify abandoning it or inventing details. Licensing, witness and camera enquiries may assist. The file clearly marks what is known and what remains uncertain, while medical and financial evidence is gathered independently.
An injury while leaving the vehicle
A passenger says the vehicle moved as they were getting out. The driver disputes this and says the passenger stepped onto an uneven surface. The useful evidence includes stopping location, door position, witnesses, any recording and the passenger's immediate account. A generic road-collision description would miss the actual dispute.
The adviser assesses the relevant duties and potential parties, including whether the surface issue matters. The passenger preserves both explanations without deciding liability from the fact that a fare was paid. The evidence task is to establish the mechanism and prevent the claim being forced into an unsuitable procedural category.
Prepare a passenger claim enquiry
Through the passenger injury claims service, provide the journey reference or available identifiers, incident date and location, injury summary and operator correspondence. Explain substitutions, assistance requests, restraint issues and any offer already accepted or pending. Identify existing representation and evidence at risk of deletion.
The guide to passenger claims involving a friend driving explains the broader need for an independent passenger account; a paid journey adds booking and operator evidence to that foundation. Ask for a clear next step, including who will investigate identity or cover and who will assess any legal deadline.
Frequently asked questions
1. Can I claim if I was injured as a taxi passenger?
Potentially, if the evidence establishes a relevant legal responsibility, an injury caused by the incident and recoverable loss. Paying a fare does not guarantee compensation, but you do not need to have been the driver or vehicle owner. Preserve the journey details, your own account, medical records and losses so the appropriate parties and route can be assessed.
2. Is the taxi company automatically responsible for the driver's conduct?
Do not assume that from the brand alone. The driver, owner, booking operator and platform may be different entities, and their legal relationships need assessment. Preserve the booking terms, receipt and dispatch information where available. A solicitor can consider the relevant duties and arrangements alongside the actual incident rather than selecting the most recognisable company name without evidence.
3. What is the difference between a taxi and private hire for evidence purposes?
Private hire is pre-booked, while taxis may also be hired at a rank or hailed. The booking method affects what records may exist, such as app confirmations, telephone dispatch or rank witnesses. Describe how the journey was obtained and preserve the available identifiers. The distinction helps investigation but does not by itself decide who caused the injury.
4. What if someone else booked the journey for me?
Ask the account holder or arranging organisation to preserve the confirmation, messages and receipt. Record who booked, who paid and who travelled. You can have been the injured passenger without owning the booking account, but that person may hold important evidence. Do not access their account without permission; obtain the relevant records through an appropriate authorised route.
5. What if the driver or vehicle did not match the booking?
Preserve the original confirmation, substitution messages and the actual vehicle details. Explain the discrepancy without guessing why it occurred. The booking chain may affect identification and insurance enquiries, but it does not automatically establish the legal outcome. A later updated app screen should not replace the historical record of what you were originally told and what actually arrived.
6. Can I claim without an app receipt?
A receipt is useful but not the only possible evidence. Rank location, payment records, vehicle identifiers, witnesses, photographs and licensing or operator records may help establish the journey. Record the details you genuinely remember and mark uncertainty. Do not fabricate a reference or choose a similar vehicle to fill a gap; the investigation should work from reliable available leads.
7. Does a licensing complaint start an injury claim?
Not necessarily. Licensing, customer-service, police and compensation processes have different purposes. Keep each reference and clarify who is handling the injury claim itself. A regulator's investigation should not be assumed to notify an insurer, value your losses or protect a court deadline. Obtain advice in time even if the complaint remains unresolved.
8. Should I accept a fare refund after an injury?
Read the terms first. A simple refund may differ from an offer requiring release of wider claims, and the wording can matter. Preserve the offer and obtain advice if its scope is unclear. If you already accepted, provide the complete exchange rather than assuming either that the injury claim ended or that the refund could have no legal significance.
9. What if another vehicle caused the collision?
The other driver's conduct and insurance may be central, even though you were travelling in a paid vehicle. Preserve all involved registrations and your own passenger account. Do not assume the taxi operator must be the sole defendant simply because it took the fare. More than one party may require assessment, depending on the sequence and legal relationships.
10. Can sudden braking cause a claim without a collision?
Possibly, but sudden movement is not automatically negligent. The circumstances, reason for braking, passenger position and medical consequences need investigation. Record any hazard, driver explanation, restraint use and witnesses. Do not invent contact with another vehicle because you think it is required. The actual mechanism should determine the legal analysis and the evidence sought.
11. What if I was injured getting out of the taxi?
Record the stopping place, vehicle movement, door, step, surface and any assistance requested or provided. Such an incident may raise different duties or parties from an ordinary collision. Preserve photographs and witnesses where safe. The route should be assessed from the actual mechanism rather than assuming every injury near a taxi belongs in the same road-traffic process.
12. Do passengers have to wear seat belts in taxis?
Do not assume a taxi journey removes ordinary passenger restraint obligations. The relevant rules and any exception need checking against the circumstances. Be truthful about use, equipment problems and statements made by the driver. The civil effect of an allegation is a separate question involving causation and evidence, so a proposed reduction should be explained rather than accepted as automatic.
13. Are child-seat rules different in taxis and private hire?
There are specific exceptions described in government guidance, including conditions concerning rear seating and age where the correct child seat is not provided. That is not a blanket statement that restraints never matter. Preserve the child's age, seat position, equipment and booking request, and obtain advice about both the incident and the additional procedural safeguards for a child's claim.
14. What if wheelchair assistance or a ramp was involved?
Describe the precise assistance requested, the equipment used and who performed each action. Keep booking messages and relevant photographs without attempting unsafe tests or technical conclusions. Accessibility and injury issues may require different legal analysis. A specific account of the task and mechanism is more useful than a general statement that the service was unsafe or unsuitable.
15. Does a taxi licence prove the vehicle was properly insured?
No single licence document should be treated as conclusive proof of accident-date insurance for the relevant driver and use. Preserve insurance information and obtain appropriate enquiries. If cover is disputed, retain the full written explanation. The legal consequence may be more complex than simply labelling the case uninsured, particularly where several parties or policies are involved.
16. What if the driver cannot be identified afterwards?
Preserve the booking chain, actual vehicle details, messages, payment and reporting references. MIB may be relevant depending on the facts and applicable agreement, but eligibility should not be assumed. A platform account does not necessarily resolve who drove. Explain whether the vehicle, keeper or driver is known so the identification and route questions can be assessed separately.
17. Can I recover income lost after the journey injury?
Potentially, where the injury caused an evidenced financial loss and the wider claim is established. Keep payslips, absence records, sick pay information and employer correspondence. The fact that the journey was to work does not automatically prove every later loss. Distinguish the trip's purpose from the actual effect of the injury on your earnings and duties.
18. Should I send my entire app account to the insurer?
Provide relevant records through an appropriate secure process rather than assuming unrestricted account access is required. Your account may contain unrelated journeys and personal information. Ask what is needed and preserve originals before exporting or redacting working copies. A solicitor can advise on scope where a request is broad or where other people's data is involved.
19. Does the operator's investigation pause the legal deadline?
Do not assume that it does. Complaint handling, insurer enquiries and treatment can continue while legal time runs. Record the incident date and obtain advice about the applicable limit and responsible person. An acknowledgement or promise to investigate is not confirmation that court proceedings have begun or that every procedural requirement has been protected.
20. What should I provide at the first taxi-injury appointment?
Bring the booking or available identifiers, driver and vehicle details, incident chronology, medical information and operator correspondence. Add payment, restraint or assistance facts, losses, existing representation and any settlement wording. Identify evidence that may be deleted. This lets the adviser assess the journey chain, potential parties and urgent tasks without relying on assumptions about the app brand or licence.
